Photosynthetic acclamatory response of Panicum antidotale Retz. populations to root zone desiccation stress / Reação fotossintética aclamatória de Panicum antidotale Retz. populações submetidas ao estresse da dessecação da zona radicular

Abstract Growth of plants is severely reduced due to water stress by affecting photosynthesis including photosystem II (PSII) activity and electron transport. This study emphasised on comparative and priority targeted changes in PSII activity due to progressive drought in seven populations of Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) collected from Cholistan Desert and non-Cholistan regions. Tillers of equal growth of seven populations of P. antidotale grown in plastic pots filled with soil were subjected progressive drought by withholding water irrigation for three weeks. Progressive drought reduced the soil moisture content, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and fresh and dry biomass of shoots in all seven populations. Populations from Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had higher growth than those of other populations. Cholistani populations especially in Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had greater ability of osmotic adjustment as reflected by osmotic potential and greater accumulation of total soluble proteins. Maximum H2O2 under water stress was observed in populations from Muzaffargarh and Khanewal but these were intermediate in MDA content. Under water stress, populations from Muzaffargarh and Dingarh Fort had greater K+ accumulation in their leaves. During progressive drought, non-Cholistani populations showed complete leaf rolling after 23 days of drought, and these populations could not withstand with more water stress condition while Cholistani populations tolerated more water stress condition for 31 days. Moreover, progressive drought caused PSII damages after 19 days and it became severe after 23 days in non-Cholistani populations of P. antidotale than in Cholistani populations.

Resumo O crescimento das plantas é severamente reduzido devido ao estresse hídrico, afetando a fotossíntese, incluindo a atividade do fotossistema II (PSII) e o transporte de elétrons. Este estudo enfatizou as mudanças comparativas e prioritárias na atividade do PSII devido à seca progressiva em sete populações de Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) coletadas no Deserto do Cholistão e regiões fora do Cholistão. Perfilhos de igual crescimento de sete populações de P. antidotale cultivadas em vasos de plástico cheios de solo foram submetidos à seca progressiva, retendo a irrigação com água por três semanas. A seca progressiva reduziu o teor de umidade do solo, teor de água relativo nas folhas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e biomassa fresca e seca dos brotos em todas as sete populações. Populações de Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali tiveram maior crescimento do que as de outras populações. As populações de Cholistani, especialmente em Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali, apresentaram maior capacidade de ajuste osmótico, refletido pelo potencial osmótico e maior acúmulo de proteínas solúveis totais. H2O2 máximo sob estresse hídrico foi observado em populações de Muzaffargarh e Khanewal, mas estas foram intermediárias no conteúdo de MDA. Sob estresse hídrico, as populações de Muzaffargarh e Dingarh Fort tiveram maior acúmulo de K+ em suas folhas. Durante a seca progressiva, as populações não cholistanesas mostraram rolagem completa das folhas após 23 dias de seca, e essas populações não conseguiram suportar mais condições de estresse hídrico, enquanto as populações cholistani toleraram mais condições de estresse hídrico por 31 dias. Além disso, a seca progressiva causou danos ao PSII após 19 dias e tornou-se severa após 23 dias em populações não cholistanesas de P. antidotale do que em populações cholistanesas.

Comparison of Quality Change During Processing Process of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix from Different Origins Based on Color-component Correlation Analysis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTaking Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix（ABR） from different origins as samples， to quantitatively analyze the chemical composition and chromaticity of ABR with different processing degrees， and clarify the correlation and change law between color and composition in the processing process of ABR， so as to provide reference for the quality evaluation of processed products of ABR. MethodThe colorimeter is used to measure the chromaticity values of three kinds of processing degrees of ABR in different origins to show the color value change trend during the processing process， and the color parameters of wine-processed and salt-processed products of ABR with different processing degrees were analyzed by principal component analysis（PCA）， orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） and other analysis methods. The contents of eight representative components of ABR were measured by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）， the correlation between chromaticity and each representative component was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis， and the applicability of the selected eight representative components was further verified by Fisher linear discriminant analysis， and the wine-processed and salt-processed products of ABR with different processing degrees were grouped according to the degree of processing， and 48 samples of wine-processed and salt-processed products with different processing degrees were used as training samples. Taking the contents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural， polypodine B， β-ecdysterone， 25R-inokosterone， 25S-inokosterone， ginsenoside Ro， chikusetsusaponin Ⅳa and polysaccharides as variables， the discriminant function was established respectively， and 12 samples of wine-processed and salt-processed products of ABR with different processing degrees were back-tested to verify the discriminant function and test the reliability of the function. ResultPCA and OPLS-DA results showed that ABR samples with different processing degrees were classified into clusters， and the results could significantly distinguish different processed products. During the process of wine and salt processing， the contents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural， ginsenoside Ro， and chikusetsusaponin Ⅳa gradually increased with the deepening of the processing degree， while the contents of polypodine B， β-ecdysterone， 25R-inokosterone， 25S-inokosterone and polysaccharides showed a gradual decreasing trend， indicating these 8 components increased and decreased to different degrees in the process of wine and salt processing. The results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content of the samples with different processing degrees of wine-processed and salt-processed products were negatively correlated with the brightness value（L*） and the total color difference value（E*ab）（P<0.01）， and positively correlated with the red-green value（a*） and the yellow-blue value（b*）（P<0.01）， and that the content of polypodine B and polysaccharides were positively correlated with L* and E*ab（P<0.01）. The discriminant functions of wine-processed and salt-processed products of ABR were established by Fisher linear discriminant analysis， and their accuracy rates in the training samples were 93.75% and 95.83%， respectively. Twelve test samples of wine-processed and salt-processed products with different processing degree were back substitution， and the correct rate was 100%. ConclusionThe trend of composition and color changes of ABR with different processing degrees in different production areas is relatively consistent， and the color value can better distinguish ABR with different processing degrees， and the color of ABR is related to some representative components in the processing process， indicating that the color can provide reference for the identification of the processing degree of ABR and the prediction of component content.

Photosynthetic acclamatory response of Panicum antidotale Retz. populations to root zone desiccation stress

Abstract Growth of plants is severely reduced due to water stress by affecting photosynthesis including photosystem II (PSII) activity and electron transport. This study emphasised on comparative and priority targeted changes in PSII activity due to progressive drought in seven populations of Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) collected from Cholistan Desert and non-Cholistan regions. Tillers of equal growth of seven populations of P. antidotale grown in plastic pots filled with soil were subjected progressive drought by withholding water irrigation for three weeks. Progressive drought reduced the soil moisture content, leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and fresh and dry biomass of shoots in all seven populations. Populations from Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had higher growth than those of other populations. Cholistani populations especially in Dingarh Grassland and Haiderwali had greater ability of osmotic adjustment as reflected by osmotic potential and greater accumulation of total soluble proteins. Maximum H2O2 under water stress was observed in populations from Muzaffargarh and Khanewal but these were intermediate in MDA content. Under water stress, populations from Muzaffargarh and Dingarh Fort had greater K+ accumulation in their leaves. During progressive drought, non-Cholistani populations showed complete leaf rolling after 23 days of drought, and these populations could not withstand with more water stress condition while Cholistani populations tolerated more water stress condition for 31 days. Moreover, progressive drought caused PSII damages after 19 days and it became severe after 23 days in non-Cholistani populations of P. antidotale than in Cholistani populations.

Resumo O crescimento das plantas é severamente reduzido devido ao estresse hídrico, afetando a fotossíntese, incluindo a atividade do fotossistema II (PSII) e o transporte de elétrons. Este estudo enfatizou as mudanças comparativas e prioritárias na atividade do PSII devido à seca progressiva em sete populações de Panicum antidotale (P. antidotale) coletadas no Deserto do Cholistão e regiões fora do Cholistão. Perfilhos de igual crescimento de sete populações de P. antidotale cultivadas em vasos de plástico cheios de solo foram submetidos à seca progressiva, retendo a irrigação com água por três semanas. A seca progressiva reduziu o teor de umidade do solo, teor de água relativo nas folhas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e biomassa fresca e seca dos brotos em todas as sete populações. Populações de Dingarh Fort, Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali tiveram maior crescimento do que as de outras populações. As populações de Cholistani, especialmente em Dingarh Grassland e Haiderwali, apresentaram maior capacidade de ajuste osmótico, refletido pelo potencial osmótico e maior acúmulo de proteínas solúveis totais. H2O2 máximo sob estresse hídrico foi observado em populações de Muzaffargarh e Khanewal, mas estas foram intermediárias no conteúdo de MDA. Sob estresse hídrico, as populações de Muzaffargarh e Dingarh Fort tiveram maior acúmulo de K+ em suas folhas. Durante a seca progressiva, as populações não cholistanesas mostraram rolagem completa das folhas após 23 dias de seca, e essas populações não conseguiram suportar mais condições de estresse hídrico, enquanto as populações cholistani toleraram mais condições de estresse hídrico por 31 dias. Além disso, a seca progressiva causou danos ao PSII após 19 dias e tornou-se severa após 23 dias em populações não cholistanesas de P. antidotale do que em populações cholistanesas.

Validez de las reglas de un análisis estadístico implicativo según juicio de expertos

Introducción: una nueva metodología para el empleo del análisis estadístico implicativo contextualizado a las investigaciones médicas de causalidad brinda reglas y meta-reglas que deben corresponderse con la práctica médica, lo cual se desconoce. Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de las reglas derivadas de la aplicación del análisis estadístico implicativo en las investigaciones médicas de causalidad. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional con la aplicación de técnicas cualitativas de tipo criterio de expertos. Los 33 expertos de mayor puntuación emitieron su juicio, mediante una escala Likert de cinco puntos, acerca de la frecuencia con que se cumplen en la práctica médica 23 reglas derivadas de la aplicación del análisis estadístico implicativo en tres estudios para la identificación de factores pronósticos en cáncer de mama. Las opiniones se procesaron mediante el método Delphi en dos rondas y se trianguló con la validez racional de estas reglas. Resultados: los expertos consideraron que cerca del 74 % de las reglas se cumplen en la práctica médica siempre o frecuentemente y sólo una regla resultó absurda. En la segunda ronda se trataron las tres reglas en las que no existió un acuerdo perfecto, en la cual se ratificó una regla como absurda y aumentó el nivel de acuerdo. La triangulación permitió encontrar contradicciones literatura-experto que facilitaron la identificación de problemas en la redacción de la interpretación de las reglas. Conclusiones: las reglas evaluadas reflejan, en general, lo que ocurre en la práctica médica y aquellas que resultan absurdas alertan al investigador sobre un posible sesgo de confusión.

Introduction: A new methodology for the use of contextualized statistical implicative analysis in causality medical research provides rules and meta-rules that must correspond to medical practice, which is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the quality of the rules derived from the application of the statistical implicative analysis in causality medical research. Methods: An observational study was carried out applying qualitative techniques based on expert judgement. Using a five-point Likert scale, the 33 experts with the highest score expressed their judgment about the frequency of the fulfilment of the 23 rules derived from the application of the statistical implicative analysis in three studies in order to identify prognostic factors for breast cancer. Opinions were processed using the two-round Delphi method, and the rational validity of these rules was triangulated. Results: The experts considered that about 74% of the rules are always or frequently followed in medical practice; only one rule was absurd. In the second round, the three rules in which there was no perfect agreement were discussed; one rule was ratified as absurd and there was an increase in the level of agreement. The triangulation allowed us to find contradictions between literature and experts, which facilitated the identification of problems in the drafting of the interpretation of the rules. Conclusions: The rules evaluated generally reflect what happens in medical practice and those that are absurd warn the researcher about the possibility of a confusion bias.

Como indexar una revista científica usando WordPress en Google Scholar

Los avances científicos han facilitado la difusión del conocimiento, encontrándose los más recientes hallazgos rápidamente en Internet, esto ha producido la migración de las revistas desde lo impreso a lo digital, pero este proceso no siempre se realiza adecuadamente, por lo que actualmente existen revistas, y en consecuencia sus publicaciones, que no se logran encontrar en los buscadores académicos, lo que se debe al uso de los softwares inadecuados o en su defecto a una mala configuración de los que se han implementado. En esta línea la recomendación es usar Open Journal System, un software diseñado para la publicación científica, pero varias revistas usan gestores de contenido como WordPress, por su facilidad de implementación y personalización aun cuando estos presenten limitaciones en el aspecto editorial. A continuación, se expone un método para la correcta indexación de revistas confeccionadas en WordPress en el buscador Google Scholar.

Scientific advances have facilitated the dissemination of knowledge, and the latest discoveries can be easily found on the Internet. This has produced the migration of journals from print to digital; however, this process is not always done properly since there are journals, and consequently their publications, which are not currently found in academic search engines due to the inappropriate use of software or otherwise to a misconfiguration of those that have been implemented. In this line, the recommendation is to use Open Journal System, a software designed for scientific publication; on the other hand, several journals use content manager systems such as WordPress because of its easy implementation and customization even when they present editorial constrains. The following is a method for the correct indexing of journals created in WordPress in the Google Scholar search engine.

Untangle the relationship of muscle mass and bone mineral content on handgrip strength: Results of ELSA-Brasil / Desvendando a relação entre massa muscular e conteúdo mineral ósseo na força de preensão palmar: Resultados do ELSA-Brasil

Abstract The study aims to investigate the independent association of muscle mass (MM) and bone mineral content (BMC) in the performance of the handgrip strength (HGS) test and whether there is effect modification by sex and age. In 12,491 participants from the ELSA-Brasil we estimated the associations between MM, BMC and HGS using linear regression models. All the analyses were performed for total population, also stratified for sex and age. For total population an interaction term was included between each explanatory variable of interest with sex and age to verify the presence of effect modification. We observed that the higher quintiles of MM and BMC were associated to an increasing in the mean of HGS compared to the first quintile, with greater magnitudes in men compared to women, also adults compared to elderly. When we estimated the independent effect of each exposure of interest, MM showed stronger effect in HGS in women, men and adults then BMC. In conclusion, we observed that higher amounts of MM and BMC are associated with higher HGS, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions and lifestyle, with this effect being greater in men and adults.

Resumo O estudo tem como objetivo investigar a associação independente da massa muscular (MM) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (CMO) na realização do teste de força de preensão manual (FPM) e se há modificação do efeito por sexo e idade. Em 12.491 participantes do ELSA-Brasil estimamos as associações entre MM, CMO e FPM usando modelos de regressão linear. Todas as análises foram realizadas para a população total, também estratificada por sexo e idade. Para a população total foi incluído um termo de interação entre cada variável explicativa de interesse com sexo e idade para verificar a presença de modificação de efeito. Observamos que os maiores quintis de MM e BMC estiveram associados a um aumento na média da FPM em relação ao primeiro quintil, com maiores magnitudes em homens em relação a mulheres, também em adultos em relação a idosos. Quando estimamos o efeito independente de cada exposição de interesse, MM mostrou efeito mais forte na FPM em mulheres, homens e adultos do que BMC. Em conclusão, observamos que maiores quantidades de MM e BMC estão associadas a maior FPM, independentemente das características sociodemográficas, condições de saúde e estilo de vida, sendo esse efeito maior em homens e adultos.

Vacinas e desinformação: uma análise de conteúdo sobre fake newsapuradas por plataformas de debunkingem redes sociais / Vaccines and disinformation: a content analysis on fake news verified by debunking platforms on social networks / Vacunas y desinformación: un análisis de contenidos sobre fake news verificadas por las plataformas de debunking en las redes sociales

O impacto das fake news chegou à área da saúde e a desconfiança em relação às vacinas trouxe de volta doenças até então erradicadas. Mas como os discursos antivacinasão construídos nas redes sociais? Neste trabalho, 80fake news com foco nas vacinas foram coletadas de sites brasileiros que realizam debunking, uma estratégia de detecção e desmascaramento de desinformação e fake news. A partir da aplicação de um protocolo analítico, mapeamos as principais características presentes na elaboração dessas publicações. A análise de conteúdo revelou que o Facebook e o WhatsApp são as redes preferidas para esse tipo de compartilhamento. Cerca de 59% dos conteúdos são totalmente falsos e a maioria dos discursos destaca possíveis riscos das vacinas como estratégias de convencimento. As fontes mais referenciadas são supostamente médicos e cientistas, para criar confiabilidade. O levantamento aponta ainda que 60% das publicações apresentaram erros gramaticais e ortográficos na elaboração dos textos

The impact of fake news reached the health area and distrust in relation to vaccines brought back diseases that had been eradicated. But how are these anti-vaccine discourses constructed in social medias? In this paper, 80 fake news stories focusing on vaccines were collected through Brazilian websites that perform debunking, a strategy for detecting and unmasking misinformation and fake news. From the application of an analytical protocol, the main characteristics present in the elaboration of these publications were mapped. Content analysis revealed that Facebook and WhatsApp are the preferred medias for this type of sharing. About 59% of the contents are totally false and most of the speeches highlight the risks of vaccines as a convincing strategy. The most referenced sources are supposedly doctors and scientists to create re-liability. The survey also points out that 60% of publications have grammatical and spelling errors in the preparation of texts

El impacto de las fake news llegó al área de la salud y la desconfianza en las vacunas trajo de vuelta enfermedades erradicadas. Pero, ¿cómo se construyen los discursos antivacunas en las redes sociales? En este trabajo, se recopilaron 80 noticias falsas centradas en vacunas a través de sitios web brasileños que realizan debunking, una estrategia para detectar y desenmascarar información errónea y noticias falsas. A partir de la aplicación de un protocolo analítico, mapeamos las principales características presentes en la elaboración de estas publicaciones. El análisis de contenido reveló que Facebook y WhatsApp son las redes preferidas para este tipo de intercambio. Alrededor del 59% del contenido es completamente falso y la mayoría destaca los posibles riesgos de las vacunas como estrategias convincentes. Las fuentes más referenciadas son supuestamente médicos y científicos para crear confiabilidad. La encuesta señala que el 60% de las publicaciones tenían errores gramaticales y ortográficos

Effect of Harvesting Stage and Drying Method on Cowpea Leaf Nutrient Composition

Cowpea leaves are lost annually due to infestation and spoilage when being transported to clients and the losses at the local markets are brought on by inadequate postharvest handling procedures and market glut, particularly during peak seasons. High moisture content from the cowpea leaves at harvest stage may contribute to increased spoilage hence lowering quantity and quality. The choice of appropriate harvesting stage and drying method can help to reduce this problem. The aim of this study was to determine the best harvesting stage and efficient drying method that would maintain high leaf nutrient composition. Cowpeas variety M66 was used for the research and the treatments included three harvesting stages (21, 35 and 49 days after sowing [DAS]), three drying methods (open sun, solar dryer and oven. Data was collected on iron, calcium, crude fibre, beta carotene, protein and moisture content. The data was subjected for variance using Statistical Analysis System 9.2 edition and significantly different means separated using least significant difference at 5%. The results indicated significant (p<0.05) differences in moisture, calcium, proteins, beta carotene and crude fibre content in both trials. Harvest stage and drying method did not significantly (p<0.05) influence the iron content. Oven and solar drying methods showed better nutrient and mineral retention in the three harvesting stages when compared to the open sun drying method.

Optimization Method of Whole Wheat Flour, Soybean Flour, Oyster Meat Powder for Nutrient- Dense Composite Flour

Aim: To study the production of Nutrient – Dense Composite Flour from the blends of whole wheat flour, soybean flour (full fat) and oyster meat powder. Study Design: The study was design using the D-optimal combination design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Department of Food, Nutrition and Home Science, University of Port Harcourt (Processing of raw materials) and the Department of Food Technology, Federal Institute of industrial research Oshodi, Lagos (Analysis of raw materials) between October 2021 and August 2022. Methodology: The raw materials were each processed to have wholesome flours, and then they were combined according to the matrix generated, which had ranges of 70 – 100%, 0 – 22%, and 0 – 8% for whole wheat flour (WWF), soybean flour (SBF) and oyster meat powder (OMP) respectively. Results: The design was used to assess the significance (5% probability) of the moisture, fat, and protein content, which ranged from 8.09 to 11.37%, 1.80 to 8.52% and 9.70 to 19.07% respectively; the water absorption (72.00 - 79.10BU), dough stability (9.3 - 17.5BU) and mixing tolerance index (25 - 50BU); and lightness and yellowness, which ranged from 65.48 - 83.2 and 13.77 - 23.58 respectively, of the flour blends. Protein content, water absorption dough stability, and mixing tolerance index were prioritized while moisture content, fat content, and yellowness were minimized for the numerical optimization of the responses. This study highlights the possibilities of utilizing non-conventional raw materials in the production of composite flour with balance nutritional and baking qualities. Conclusion: The best flour combination was 72.51% whole wheat flour, 19.63% soybean flour, and 7.86% oyster meat powder.

Theory and health disparities: Explaining the relevance of theory in public health research in India

This paper aims to address the concern that quantitative public health studies do not integrate theoretical considerations. This qualitative study uses content analysis to explore the application of theory in Indian public health articles listed on PubMed. Social determinants such as poverty, income, social class, education, gender, caste, socioeconomic position, socioeconomic status, immigrant status, and wealth were the keywords used to identify the articles analysed in this study. From a selection of 91 public health articles, we identified potential theoretical frameworks based on the pathways/recommendations/explanations mentioned. Additionally, using the case of tuberculosis in India, we highlight how theoretical perspectives play a critical role in providing a holistic view of major health challenges. Finally, by emphasising the need to adopt a theoretical perspective in empirical quantitative research on public health in India, we hope to motivate scholars to include a theory or theoretical paradigm in their future research.

Proximate and Mineral Composition of Some Foreign and Local Rice Varieties Sold in Mile 3 Market, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Rice is a staple food in many countries of Africa and it is nutritionally beneficial. This research work compared the proximate composition and mineral composition of some local and foreign rice varieties. Four varieties of rice were analyzed; two types of local rice designated as (L1 and L2) and two types of foreign rice (F1 and F2). The proximate composition such as moisture content, ash content, carbohydrate content, crude protein, crude fiber and total fat were evaluated using standard methods. The result of the analysis showed that the moisture content was lowest in L1 (8.56 ± 0.26g) and highest in sample L2 (9.47 ± 0.48g). All the four varieties recorded high carbohydrate content. The fat content of L1 and L2 (1.19±0.20 - 2.48±0.90) were significantly higher (p<0.05) when compared to F1 and F2 (1.69±0.30 – 1.99± 0.20a). Crude fiber content for L1 and L2 (1.49±0.09 -1.69±0.09) were statistically higher compared to F1 and F2 (0.29±0.09b -0.39±0.01b). Crude protein for L1 and L2 (7.89±0.09 – 8.09±0.22) were significantly higher when compared to F1 and F2 (6.34± 0.22b – 7.22± 0.66). Ash content for L1 and L2 (0.60± 0.01-0.68±0.32) were statistically lower compared to F1 and F2 (0.62±0.08 – 1.20± 0.20) Potassium and Zinc showed no significant difference in all samples apart from F1 where Potassium and Zinc were significantly different. Calcium values for foreign rice showed significant difference when compared to the values for local rice. Local rice appeared to have a relatively higher level of iron when compared to all the foreign rice samples. The values obtained from this study indicates that Nigerian local rice varieties are nutritionally better compared to foreign rice varieties.

Contenido de sodio en antimicrobianos parenterales: Una fuente extra de sodio a considerarse en pacientes hospitalizados

Los antimicrobianos parenterales son esenciales en el tratamiento de infecciones intrahospitalarias, sin embargo, es importante considerar la carga de sodio y volumen que pueden aportar, especialmente, en pacientes con restricción sódica. En el presente estudio se identificaron los antimicrobianos parenterales usados en uno de los hospitales más grandes del Perú. Se revisó la cantidad de sodio intrínseco y se calculó la cantidad de sodio total por día de tratamiento según el régimen frecuentemente usado en adultos. Como resultado, se encontró que 22% de las terapias antimicrobianas superaban el requerimiento de sodio diario, lo que podría ser perjudicial para pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, enfermedad renal crónica, con cirrosis hepática, entre otros.

Parenteral antibiotics are essential in the treatment of nosocomial infections; however, their sodium load and volume should be considered as an extra source, especially, in patients with sodium restriction. In this study, we identified the parental antibiotics used in one of the largest hospitals in Peru. We reviewed the amount of intrinsic sodium and we calculated the sodium load per day of treatment according to the commonly used regimen in adults. As a result, we found that 22% of the antibiotic treatment regimens exceed the daily sodium requirement, which could be harmful for patients with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, among others.

Configurações explicativas do desenvolvimento da resiliência nas redes de suprimentos da administração pública / Ámbitos explicativos del desarrollo de la resiliencia en las redes de abastecimiento de las administraciones públicas / Explanatory settings of the development of resilience in public administration supply networks

Resumo O capital social é uma lente teórica importante para explicar os relacionamentos interorganizacionais e a construção da resiliência nas redes de suprimentos. Para corroborar essa perspectiva, este estudo visa identificar quais atributos do capital social contribuem para explicar o desenvolvimento da resiliência nas redes de suprimentos da administração pública e de que forma eles se combinam nessa explicação. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva que utilizou entrevistas com a técnica da grade de repertório para a coleta de dados. Os dados foram analisados mediante a análise de conteúdo de Honey e a análise de coincidência (CNA). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que o capital social se mostrou fundamental para desenvolver resiliência nas redes de suprimentos na administração pública, por meio dos atributos de compartilhamento de informações técnicas; precisão na comunicação; antecipação na comunicação de informações relevantes; reciprocidade; confiança; transparência e comprometimento. A originalidade do estudo reside na utilização da teoria do capital social em estudos sobre resiliência na administração pública e na adoção de um método de coleta e análise de dados robusto e ainda não explorado em pesquisas na administração pública brasileira. As principais contribuições do estudo foram: 1) destacar o capital social como constructo multinível que influencia o desenvolvimento da resiliência; 2) ampliar os estudos sobre resiliência na administração pública; 3) fornecer informações que podem ser utilizadas por gestores públicos, a fim de evitar ou minimizar a ocorrência de riscos que comprometam a prestação de serviços públicos e 4) adotar um método de pesquisa inédito na administração pública brasileira.

Resumen El capital social es una lente teórica importante para explicar las relaciones entre organizaciones y desarrollar la resiliencia en las redes de suministro. Corroborando esta perspectiva, este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar qué atributos del capital social contribuyen a explicar el desarrollo de la resiliencia en las redes de suministro de la administración pública y cómo se combinan en esta explicación. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa y descriptiva, utilizando entrevistas con la técnica de rejilla de repertorio para la recolección de datos. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el análisis de contenido de Honey y el análisis de coincidencia (CNA). Los resultados de la investigación indican que el capital social demostró ser fundamental para desarrollar resiliencia en las redes de abastecimiento de la administración pública, a través de los atributos de compartición de información técnica, precisión en la comunicación, anticipación en la comunicación de información relevante, reciprocidad, confianza, transparencia y compromiso. La originalidad del estudio radica en el uso de la teoría del capital social en estudios sobre resiliencia en la administración pública y en la adopción de un método robusto de recopilación y análisis de datos que aún no ha sido explorado en investigaciones en la administración pública brasileña. Las principales contribuciones del estudio fueron: (1) resaltar el capital social como un constructo multinivel que influye en el desarrollo de la resiliencia, (2) ampliar los estudios sobre resiliencia en la administración pública, (3) proporcionar información que pueda ser utilizada por los administradores para evitar o minimizar la ocurrencia de riesgos que comprometan la prestación de los servicios públicos y (4) adoptar un método de investigación inédito en la administración pública brasileña.

Abstract Social capital is an important theoretical lens for explaining interorganizational relationships and building resilience in supply networks. This study corroborates this perspective, aiming to identify which attributes of social capital contribute to explaining the development of resilience in public administration supply networks and how they combine in this explanation. A qualitative and descriptive research was carried out, using interviews with the repertoire grid technique for data collection. Data were analyzed using Honey's content analysis and coincidence analysis (CNA). The research results indicate that social capital proved to be fundamental to developing resilience in supply networks in public administration, through the attributes of sharing technical information, precision in communication, anticipation in communicating relevant information, reciprocity, trust, transparency, and commitment. The originality of the study lies in the use of social capital theory in studies on resilience in public administration and in the adoption of a robust data collection and analysis method that has not yet been explored in research in Brazilian public administration. The main contributions of the study were: (1) to highlight social capital as a multilevel construct that influences the development of resilience, (2) to expand studies on resilience in public administration, (3) to provide information that public managers can use to avoid or minimize the risks that jeopardize the provision of public services, and (4) to adopt an unprecedented research method in the Brazilian public administration.

Total phenolic, monomeric anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of Berberis commutata Eichler fruits / Contenido fenólico total, antocianinas monoméricas y actividad antioxidante de los frutos de Berberis commutata Eichler

Background: Berberis commutata Eichler is a berry that grows in the Peruvian Andes and has been consumed in the Andes of South America since ancient times. The edible fruits have an intense purple color and are rich in anthocyanins and phenolic compounds that are available from February until May each year. The color of the fruits is a soft purple dye for natural fibers, and many birds use them as food. Objective: This study quantified the total phenolic, monomeric anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of Berberis commutata Eichler berries. Methods: The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay. Monomeric anthocyanin content was determined by the method is pH differential, and the antioxidant activity was measured using the Brand-Williams method. Results: The total phenolic content was 7,490 ± 0.85 mg GAE/100g, and the monomeric anthocyanin content was 70 ± 0.03 mg/100g. The antioxidant activity of the berries showed a tendency to increase with B. commutata extract concentration; an EC50 of 0.91 mg/mL was calculated, indicating a high antioxidant power. Conclusion: Our results showed that B. commutata E. has both high total phenolic content and monomeric anthocyanins comparable to other superfruits and high antioxidant activity, which means that it is possible to use this berberis species as a functional food.

Introducción: Berberis commutata Eichleres una baya que crece en los Andes peruanos. Los frutos comestibles tienen un intenso color púrpura rico en antocianinas y componentes fenólicos que están disponibles desde febrero hasta mayo de cada año. El color de sus frutos se utiliza como un suave colorante púrpura para las fibras naturales y muchas aves los utilizan como alimento. Sin embargo, desde la antigüedad los frutos de esta especie han sido consumidas en los Andes de Sudamérica. Objetivo: Este estudio cuantificó el contenido fenólico total, antocianinas monoméricas y la actividad antioxidante usando el método del radical DPPH de las bayas de Berberis commutata Eichler. Método: El contenido fenólico total se midió a través del ensayo colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu, el contenido de antocianinas monoméricas se determinó mediante el método del pH diferencial y la actividad antioxidante se midió con el método de Brand-Williams. Resultados: El contenido fenólico total fue de 7,490 ± 0.85 mg GAE/100g y el contenido de antocianinas monoméricas fue de 70 ± 0.03 mg/100g. La actividad antioxidante de las bayas mostró una tendencia a aumentar con la concentración del extracto de B. commutata, se calculó un EC50 de 0.91 mg/mL que indica un alto poder antioxidante. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados mostraron que B. commutata E. tiene tanto un alto contenido fenólico total, así como antocianinas monoméricas comparables con otras superfrutas y una elevada actividad antioxidante, lo que significa que es posible utilizar esta especie de berberis como alimento funcional.

Study of total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry (Rubus idaeous L. ) shoots. / Estudio de la capacidad antioxidante total de brotes de frambuesa roja (Rubus idaeous L. ).

Background: Today, cardiovascular, oncological, and neurodegenerative diseases are the main causes of death in the world, according to official World Health Organization (WHO) statistics. Antioxidants are used to treat and prevent these diseases. In order to develop optimal technology for obtaining drugs based on plant extracts with antioxidant action, it is necessary to determine the total antioxidant capacity of raspberry shoots. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry shoots, study the content of biologically active substances (BAS), and the antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoot extracts obtained during subsequent exhaustive extraction. Methods: The number of phenolic compounds, catechins, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids was determined by a spectrophotometric analysis method, whereas organic acids were determined by the alkalimetric method in red raspberry shoot extracts; the antioxidant activity of obtained extracts was evaluated by potentiometric method. Results: The total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry shoots was 164.12 mmol-equiv./m dry weight, the sum of the total content of phenolic compounds was 24.40 mg gallic acid (GA)/mL, catechins ­ 21.36 mg epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)/mL, flavonoids ­ 0.77 mg rutin (R)/mL, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives ­ 2.56 mg chlorogenic acid (ChA)/mL and organic acids ­ 1.88 mg citric acid (CA)/mL in red raspberry shoot extracts obtained during subsequent exhaustive extraction. The analysis showed that there is a very high positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds, catechin, flavonoid, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives, and organic acids content in red raspberry shoot extracts. Conclusions: Total red raspberry shoots' antioxidant capacity has been determined. The study results can be used to develop optimal technology for obtaining drugs based on the extract of red raspberry shoots, which has an antioxidant effect

Contexto: Hoy en día, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, oncológicas y neurodegenerativas son las principales causas de muerte en el mundo según estadísticas oficiales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS. Los antioxidantes se utilizan para tratar y prevenir estas enfermedades. Para desarrollar una tecnología óptima para la obtención de fármacos a base de extractos de plantas con acción antioxidante, es necesario determinar la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa.Objetivos: El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja, estudiar el contenido de sustancias biológicamente activas (SBA) y la actividad antioxidante de los extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja obtenidos mediante extracción exhaustiva. Métodos: La cantidad de compuestos fenólicos, catequinas, flavonoides y ácidos hidroxicinámicos se determinó por método de análisis espectrofotométrico, mientras que los ácidos orgánicos por método alcalimétrico en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja; La actividad antioxidante de los extractos obtenidos se evaluó por método potenciométrico. Resultados: La capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja fue de 164.12 mmol-equiv./m de peso seco, la suma del contenido total de compuestos fenólicos fue de 24.40 mg gálico ácido (GA)/mL, catequinas ­ 21.36 mg epigalocatequina-3-O-galato (EGCG)/mL, flavonoides ­ 0.77 mg rutina (R)/mL, derivados de ácidos hidroxicinámicos ­ 2.56 mg clorogénico ácido (ChA)/mL y ácidos orgánicos ­ 1.88 mg cítrico ácido (CA)/mL en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja obtenidos durante extracción exhaustiva. La correlación analizada mostró que existe una correlación positiva entre la actividad antioxidante y el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales, catequinas, flavonoides, derivados de ácidos hidroxicinámicos y ácidos orgánicos en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja. Conclusiones: Gracias a nuestros resultados se ha determinado la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja. Los resultados del estudio se pueden utilizar para desarrollar una tecnología óptima para la obtención de fármacos basados en el extracto de brotes de frambuesa roja, que tiene un efecto antioxidante

Cognitive Interview in the Search for Validity Evidence Based on Response Processes / Entrevistas Cognitivas na Busca de Evidências de Validade Baseadas no Processo de Resposta / Entrevistas Cognitivas en la Búsqueda de Evidencia de Validez Basada en el Proceso de Respuesta

Abstract Cognitive interviews can provide validity evidence for instruments based on item response processes; however, use of focus groups still prevails in Brazilian literature. Moreover, semantic analysis has only been considered when searching for validity evidence based on test content. This paper presents a proposal for qualitative data analysis based on cognitive interviewing, thus providing researchers with a protocol that enables best practices in carrying out this technique, and consolidating it in the Brazilian literature as an option to search for validity evidence based on item response processes. To conclude, we present some criticisms regarding current procedures for validity evidence based on test content and discuss some possibilities.

Resumo As entrevistas cognitivas podem fornecer evidências de validade para os instrumentos com base no processo de resposta aos itens. Na literatura brasileira, entretanto, o uso de grupos focais ainda prevalece. Além disso, a análise semântica tem sido considerada apenas na busca de evidências de validade baseada no conteúdo do teste. Esse manuscrito apresenta uma proposta para análise de dados qualitativos de entrevistas cognitivas. O objetivo é fornecer aos pesquisadores um protocolo que viabiliza as melhores práticas na realização desta técnica, consolidando-a na literatura brasileira como uma opção para busca de evidência de validade baseada no processo de resposta dos itens. Por fim, são apresentadas algumas críticas em relação aos atuais procedimentos de busca de evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo e possibilidades são discutidas.

Resumen Las entrevistas cognitivas pueden proporcionar evidencia de validez para los instrumentos basados en el proceso de respuesta al ítem. En la literatura brasileña, sin embargo, aún prevalece el uso de grupos focales; además, el análisis semántico solo se ha considerado en la búsqueda de evidencias de validez basadas en el contenido de la prueba. Este manuscrito presenta una propuesta para el análisis de datos cualitativos de entrevistas cognitivas. El objetivo es proporcionar a los investigadores un protocolo que posibilite las mejores prácticas en la realización de esta técnica, consolidándola en la literatura brasileña como una opción para la búsqueda de evidencias de validez a partir del proceso de respuesta a los ítems. Finalmente, se presentan algunas críticas en relación a los procedimientos actuales de búsqueda de evidencias de validez en base al contenido y se discuten posibilidades.

Reducing harm and promoting positive media use strategies: new perspectives in understanding the impact of preschooler media use on health and development

Abstract Most children grow up in homes with easy access to multiple screens. Screen use by children between the ages of 0 to 5 has become a worldwide preoccupation. In the present narrative review, we examine child and parent screen use and its contribution to physical, cognitive, and social developmental outcomes. As research has mostly focused on the adverse consequences of screen media, we aim to depict both the negative and the positive influences of screen usage. To provide a more nuanced portrait of the potential benefits and harms of screen use, we examine how consequences of media use vary according to the content of media (ex., educational, violent), context (ex., using screens during mealtimes), and the nature (ex., passive vs active use) of child screen use. Our review supports existing screen time guidelines and recommendations and suggests that media content, the context of use, and the nature of child use, as well as the parent's own screen use, be considered clinically. Future research should seek to clarify how these dimensions jointly contribute to child screen use profiles and associated consequences. Finally, child sex, behavioral/temperamental difficulties, and family adversity appear to contribute to child screen use and its consequences and should be considered in future research. Suggestions for harm-reduction approaches are discussed.

Percepción de la Creatividad en Alumnos y Profesores Brasileños / Percepção da criatividade em alunos e professores brasileiros / The perception of creativity among brazilian students and teachers

Apesar dos avanços científicos na compreensão da criatividade, ainda restam dúvidas na definição deste constructo por alunos e professores. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar a percepção da criatividade em alunos (n=74) e professores (n=24). A média de idade foi de 30,5 anos, em sua maioria mulheres (70,41%), de escolaridade com nível superior (75%), da região Sudeste (58%). O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário online com perguntas abertas sobre a percepção da criatividade. Por meio da análise de conteúdo, verificou-se que os participantes descrevem a criatividade através de características cognitivas (fluência, flexibilidade, elaboração e originalidade), sendo que os professores mostraram maior ênfase ao ambiente criativo, enquanto alunos acreditam que a pessoa e o processo sejam aspectos que podem estimular a expressão da criatividade. Os resultados se alinham com outros encontrados na literatura, reforçando a importância de que a criatividade seja inserida na formação dos professores e trabalhada junto aos alunos.

A pesar de los avances científicos en la comprensión de la creatividad, aún hay dudas en la definición de este constructo por alumnos y profesores. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar la percepción de la creatividad en alumnos (n=74) y profesores (n=24). El promedio de edad fue de 30,5 años, en mayoría mujeres (el 70,41%), de escolaridad con nivel universitario (el 75%), de la región Sudeste (el 58%). El instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario online con preguntas abiertas sobre la percepción de la creatividad. Por intermedio del análisis de contenido, se verificó que los participantes describen la creatividad a través de características cognitivas (fluencia, flexibilidad, elaboración y originalidad), siendo que los profesores mostraron mayor énfasis al ambiente creativo, mientras alumnos creen que la persona y el proceso sean aspectos que pueden estimular la expresión de la creatividad. Los resultados se alinean con otros encontrados en la literatura, reforzando la importancia de que la creatividad sea inserida en la formación de los profesores y trabajada junto a los alumnos.

Despite scientific advances in the understanding of creativity, there are still doubts in the definition of this construct by students and teachers. This study aimed to identify the perception of creativity in students (n=74) and teachers (n=24). The average age was 30.5 years, mostly women (70.41%), with higher education (75%), from the Southeast region (58%). The instrument used was an online questionnaire with open questions about the perception of creativity. Through content analysis, it was found that participants describe creativity through cognitive characteristics (fluency, flexibility, elaboration and originality), with teachers showing greater emphasis on the creative environment, while students believe that the person and the process are aspects that can stimulate the expression of creativity. The results are in line with others found in the literature, reinforcing the importance that creativity is inserted in the training of teachers and worked with students.

The teaching of fights in school physical education: a state of knowledge of brazilian studies / O ensino das lutas na educação física escolar: um estado do conhecimento de estudos brasileiros

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the Brazilian academic publications on fights and Physical Education. We used content analysis through a state of knowledge, with 38 articles as corpus. As results we built four empirical analytical categories: 1) Space and sociocultural aspects: they point the lack of infrastructure and the scarcity of materials as restrictive factors for the approach of the fight contents in schools; 2) Technologies/media: that serve as auxiliary tools for the inclusion of fights in school Physical Education; 3) Physical Education curriculum: addresses issues related to content, culture, documents and teachers; and 4) Pedagogical practice: which involves more specific issues observed in the studies, such as methodologies involving the application of the content to classes, experiences, dimensions of the content, activities and implications about the themes discussed in the content, such as the association with violence, gender discrimination and sexuality. We conclude that the studies show that the approach of fights as content in schools is still incipient, being the insecurity of the teacher a preponderant factor so that fights are not inserted. Thus, studies indicate the need to create materials and methodologies that help teachers, thus enabling the use of content already consolidated in the literature.

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as publicações acadêmicas brasileiras sobre lutas e Educação Física. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo por meio de revisão narrativa, com 38 artigos como corpus. Como resultado construímos quatro categorias analíticas empíricas: 1) Espaço e aspectos socioculturais: apontam a falta de infraestrutura e a escassez de materiais como fatores restritivos para a abordagem dos conteúdos de luta nas escolas; 2) Tecnologias/mídias: que servem como ferramentas de auxílio para a inclusão das lutas na Educação Física escolar; 3) Currículo de Educação Física: aborda questões relacionadas a conteúdo, cultura, documentos e professores e 4) Prática pedagógica: que envolve questões mais específicas observadas nos estudos, como metodologias que envolvem a aplicação do conteúdo às aulas, vivências, dimensões do conteúdo, atividades e implicações sobre os temas discutidos no conteúdo, como a associação com a violência, a discriminação de gênero e a sexualidade. Concluímos que os estudos mostram que a abordagem das lutas como conteúdo nas escolas ainda é incipiente, sendo a insegurança do professor fator preponderante para que as lutas não sejam inseridas. Dessa forma, estudos indicam a necessidade de criar materiais e metodologias que auxiliem os professores, possibilitando assim a utilização de conteúdos já consolidados na literatura.

Comparison of HPLC fingerprints and determination of main components of Viticis Fructus from different species / 中国中药杂志

In order to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Viticis Fructus, this study established HPLC fingerprints and evaluated the quality of 24 batches of Viticis Fructus samples from different species by similarity evaluation and multivariate statistical analysis(PCA, HCA, PLS-DA). On this basis, an HPLC method was established to compare the content differences of the main components, including casticin, agnuside, homoorientin, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The analysis was performed on the chromatographic column(Waters Symmetry C_(18)) with a gradient mobile phase of acetonitrile(A)-0.05% phosphoric acid solution(B) at the flow rate of 1 mL·min~(-1) and detection wavelength of 258 nm. The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the injection volume was 10 μL. The HPLC fingerprint of 24 batches of Viticis Fructus samples was established with 21 common peaks, and nine peaks were identified. Similarity analysis was carried out based on chromatographic data of 24 batches of chromatographic data of Viticis Fructus, and the results showed that except for DYMJ-16, the similarity of Vitex trifolia var. simplicifolia was ≥0.900, while that of V. trifolia was ≤0.864. In addition, the similarity analysis of two different species showed that the similarity of 16 batches of V. trifolia var. simplicifolia was 0.894-0.997 and that of the eight batches of V. trifolia was between 0.990 and 0.997. The results showed that the similarity of fingerprints of these two species was different, but the similarity between the same species was good. The results of the three multivariate statistical analyses were consistent, which could distinguish the two different species. The VIP analysis results of PLS-DA showed that casticin and agnuside contributed the most to the distinction. The content determination results showed that there was no significant difference in the content of homoorientin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in Viticis Fructus from different species, but the content of casticin and agnuside was significantly different in different species(P<0.01). The content of casticin was higher in V. trifolia var. simplicifolia, while agnuside was higher in V. trifolia. The findings of this study show that there are differences in fingerprint similarity and component content of Viticis Fructus from different species, which can provide references for the in-depth study of the quality and clinical application of Viticis Fructus.